Offerre fontes electricitatis sustineri unum ex maximis huius saeculi provocationibus est.Investigationes areas in industria messe materiae ab hac motiva oriuntur, inclusa thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 et thermophotovoltaics3.Etsi carent materiae et cogitationes capaces metis industria in Jule range, Pyroelectric materiae, quod potest convertam electrica industria in periodica temperatus mutationes considerentur sensors4 et industria harpesters5,6.7.Hic nos developed a Macroscopic scelerisque industria Harvester in forma multilayer Capacitori de XLII P. de plumbum scandium tantalate, producendo 11.2 j de electrica industria per thermodynamic cycle.Quisque Pyroelectric modulus potest generare electrica industria density usque ad 4.43 J cm-III per cycle.Nos quoque ostendere quod duo tales modules appendens 0.3 g sunt satis ad continuously potentia autonomae industria messoribus cum embedded microcontrollers et temperatus sensoriis.Denique, ut ostenderet quod ad temperatus range of X K, hi multilayer capacitorors potest pervenire XL% carnot efficientiam.Haec proprietatibus sunt ex (I) Ferroelectric phase mutationem ad altum efficientiam, (II) low Leakage current ne damna, et (III) princeps naufragii voltage.Haec macroscopic, scalable et efficiens Pyroelectric Power messores sunt reimagining thermoelectric potestatem generationem.

A, Volume de entropy (s) -Tempatured (T) insidias cum electrica agro in quod off applicantur ad NLP materiae showing phase transitionum.Duo navitas collection circuitus ostensum est in duo diversa temperatus zonas.Blue et viridi cyces fieri intra et extra tempus transitus, respective et finis in diversas regiones superficie.Letters ABCD ad diversas status in Olson exolvuntur.BC: MLC CLV KV cm-I et tenetur et temperatus est ad XC ° c.De hyacintho area correspondet ad initus potentia requiritur ut satus ad cycle.Orange regio est industria collecta in cycle.C, Top Panel, Voltage (Nigrum) et Current (Rubrum) versus tempus, idolum per idem Cicero cycle ut b.Duo inserit represent amplificationem voltage et current ad clavem puncta in cycle.In inferioribus panel, in flavo et viridis curvae repraesentant correspondentes temperatus et industria curvas, respective, ad I mm densissima MLC.Energy est ratione ex current et voltage curvas in summo panel.Negativa energia respondet energiae collectae.Gradus litteris capitalibus respondentes in quatuor figuris sunt iidem ac in cyclo Olson.Cycle ab'cd correspondet ad stirling exolvuntur (additional note VII).
ubi E et D sunt electrica agri et electrica obsessio agro, respective.ND potest adeptus indirecte de circuitu (Fig. 1B) vel directe a incipiens a thermodynamic cycle.Maxime utiles modi describitur per Olsen in pioneering opus in colligendis Pyroelectric industria in 1980s17.
In fig.In fact, the Olsen cycle consists of two isofield branches (here, zero field in the DA branch and 155 kV cm-1 in the BC branch) and two isothermal branches (here, 20°С and 20°С in the AB branch) .Collected Energy ND est differentia inter input et output industria, id est solum orange area fig.1B.Hoc maxime Olson exolvuntur dat an ND Energy density of 1.78 J cm III.Et Stirling exolvuntur est alternative ad Cicero cycle (supplementum nota VII).Hoc modo LXX% de quo Cicero exolvuntur potest colligere, sed simplex messuri apparatu facit eam.
In addition, nos directe metiri industria collected in Olson exolvuntur per energising PST MLC usura a linkam temperatus imperium scaena et fons meter (modus).Figura 1c ad summitatem et in respective insets ostendit current (rubrum) et voltage (nigrum) collected in eodem I mm crassa PST MLC ut de loop ire per idem Cicero cycle.In current et voltage facere potest computare collected industria, et curvae sunt in fig.1C, imo (viridi) et temperatus (flavo) per cycle.In epistolas ABCD repraesentant idem Cicero cycle in Fig. 1. MLC præcipiens occurs in AB crus et peragitur ad humilis vena (CC μa), sic sources potest recte potestatem prćcipiens.Consequentia huius constant initial current est quod intentione curvae (Nigrum curva) non linearibus debitum ad non-linearem potentiale displacement agro d PST (Fig. 1C, top insert).Et MLC et calefacit et negativum current (et ideo negativum current) productum dum intentione manet ad DC V. Post XL s, cum temperatus pervenit ad Plateau XC ° C, hic est compensatur, quamvis in gradum Sample produced in the circuit an electrical power of 35 mJ during this isofield (second inset in Fig. 1c, top).Summa energiae output 95 mJ est.Per longius augendae voltage et temperatus, ut effectum 4.43 J cm-III usura Olsen cycles in a 0,5 mm crassitudine PST MLC super a temperatus range of DCCL V (CXCV Cf-I).Hoc quattuor temporibus maiore perficientur nuntiavit in litterae ad directam Olson cycles et adeptus in tenuis films PB (mg, NB) O3-PBtio3 (PMN, PT) (1.06 J cm-III) XVIII (cm .supspessaria Table 1 for more values ​​in the literature). This performance has been reached owing to the very low leakage current of these MLCs (<10−7 A at 750 V and 180 °C, see details in Supplementary Note 6)—a crucial point mentioned by Smith et al.19—in contrast ad materiae in mane studies17,20. This performance has been reached owing to the very low leakage current of these MLCs (<10−7 A at 750 V and 180 °C, see details in Supplementary Note 6)—a crucial point mentioned by Smith et al.19—in contrast ad materiae in mane studies17,20. Эти бхарактристики были достигнуты Ниазкому оку утечки нтизхк ттку утеччки этих mlc (<10-7 Подробности в гопол Нительном Примечании VI) - критический момент, упомятый смитом и и ир.XIX - В Отличие от к Материалам, использованннным В волее ранних исследованиях17,20. 由于 这些 的 的 电流 非常 非常 低 (在 DCCL V 和 CLXXX ° C 时 <10-7 A, 请 参见 补充 说明 VI 中 详细 信息 参见 补充 说明 中 的 详细 信息 补充 说明 说明 的 详细 信息 关键 点 点 点 - 等 人 提到 的 的 点 点 点, 已经 达到 了 这 种 性能 到 早期 研究 中 使用 的 材料 17,20.由于 这些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 6 中 详细 信息））））） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下, 已经 达到 了 这 种 性能 到 早期 研究 使用 使用 材料 材料 17.20. Cum autem leakage current ex his mlcs est valde humilis (<10-7 A ad DCCL V et CLXXX ° C, videatur supplementum Nota VI pro Details) - A Key Point de quibus Smith et al.XIX - nam collatio, haec facienda sunt.Ad materiae usus est in mane studiis 17,20.
Eodem conditionibus (DC V, 20-90 ° C) applicantur ad stirling cycle (supplementum note VII).Sicut expectata ex eventus de exolvuntur, cede erat 41.0 M..Nos animadvertimus voltage lucrum usque ad XXXIX (ex initial voltage of XV V ad finem intentione usque ad DXC V, videatur supplementarium Fig. 7,2).
Alia notatio harum MLCs distinguenda est quod macroscopica sunt obiecta satis magna ad industriam colligendam in range joule.Therefore, we constructed a prototype harvester (HARV1) using 28 MLC PST 1 mm thick, following the same parallel plate design described by Torello et al.14, in a 7×4 matrix as shown in Fig. The heat-carrying dielectric fluid in multiplex, per sentinam peristalticam inter duas receptaculas, ubi fluidus temperatus constante conservatur, pellitur.Colligunt usque ad 3.1 J usus cycli Olson descriptus in fig.2a, regiones isothermales ad 10°C et 125°C et regiones isofield in 0 et 750 V (195 kV cm-1).Huic energiae densitati 3.14 J cm-3 correspondet.Nota quod 1.8 J consecutus est supra magnitudinem 80 °C temperatus et intentione 600 V (155 kV cm-1).
A, experimentalem setup de congregata Harv1 prototypum secundum XXVIII mlc PSS I mm crassum (IV ordines × VII columnas) currit in Olson cycles.Nam quatuor exolvuntur gradus, temperatus et voltage provisum est in prototypo.In computer agitet peristalticum sentinam quod circumlegat a dielectric fluido inter frigus et calidum alveus, duo valvulae, et potestas fons.
A maius version de Harvester (Harv2) cum LX PST MLC I mm crassum et CLX PST MLC 0,5 mm (41.7 g Active Pyroelectric Material) dedit 11.2 (Supplementary VIII).In MCMLXXXIV, Olsen factum est industria Harvester fundatur in CCCXVII g de stannum, doped PB (ZR, TI) O3 compositis potest generandi 6,23 J of electricity ad temperatus de CL ° C (Ref. XXI).Hoc modo industria densitas Harv2 XIII temporibus altior.
HARV1 Circulus periodus 57 secundis est.Ut illud gradum ulterius, aedificavimus tertiam combine (Harv3) cum 0.5mm crassitudine PST MLC et similes setup ad Harv1 et Harv2 (supplementum Nota IX).Et collected Energy (XLVII MJ) dat an electrica virtute 1.95 mw per MLC, quod rursus permittit nos imaginari quod HARV2 producit 0.55 W (circiter 1,95 mm ×In addition, nos simulastes calor translatione per finitum elementum simulation (Comsol, supplementum nota X et supplementum tables 2-4) correspondentes ad Harv1 experimenta.Finitum elementum modeling factum est possibile praedicere virtutis valores fere ordinem magnitudinis superior (CDXXX mw) pro eodem numero PST columnas per tinctione ad MLC ad 0,2 mm, ut per aquam ut coolant, et restituerit in VII rows .
The circuit requires the storage capacitor to be initially charged at 9V and then runs autonomously while the temperature of the two MLCs ranges from -5°C to 85°C, here in cycles of 160 s (several cycles are shown in Supplementary Note 11) .
Denique perpensum efficientiam horum MLC modulorum convertendi scelerisque industria in electrica industria.Et qualis elementum η efficientiam definitur quod ratio densitatis collected electrica industria t ad densitatem supplevit calor Qin (Supplementary XII):
3A figuras, B ostendit efficientiam η et proportionalem efficientiam ηr de Olsen exolvuntur, respective, ut functio ipsius temperatus rhoncus a 0,5 mm crassitudine PST MLC.Temperature ranges infra X K non considerari quia scelerisque hysteresis de PST MLC est inter V et VIII K. recognition de positivum effectus of phase transitionum in efficientiam est discrimine.In facto, meliorem valores η et ηr sunt fere omnes adeptus ad initialem temperatus ti = XXV ° C in Fig.3a, b.Hoc est debitum ad propinquus tempus transitus cum nulla agro applicantur et curie temperatus TC est circa XX ° C in his mlcs (supplementum nota XIII).
a,b, the efficiency η and the proportional efficiency of the Olson cycle (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } Nam maximum electrica per agro CXCV kv cm-I et diversis initial temperaturis TI,}}} \ 0.5 mm (b) pro mpc PST 0.5 mm densissima, secundum temperatus intervallum ΔTSPan.
(II) Hi materiae sunt magis agentibus ad currere tempora proxima ad TC.Ad haec valores et test conceptu, esset utilis utor Doped PSTS cum diversis TCS, ut studied per SHANBOV et Borman.Et ostendit quod TC in PST potest variari a III ° C (si doping) ad XXXIII ° C (Ti doping) XXII.
Eam exhibet et acri primum-ut Ferroelectric-Paraelectric Phase transitus circa XX ° C, significans quod suum entropy mutationes sunt similes illis quae in fig. 1. Similia mlcs sunt plene descripsit pro EC13,14 cogitationes.Ordine B, Sites PST MLC est 0,75 (Supplementary II) adeptus est in MCD ° C sequitur hundredum horas diu anneneum ad M ° c.
Pelagus conceptum hoc studium fundatur in Olson exolvuntur (Fig. I).Alveus scelerisque consistit in vase vitreo liquore dielectric repleto et super laminam scelerisque positam.Repositio frigida consistit ex aqua balnei cum tubulis liquidis continens fluidum dielectricum in magna vase plastico aqua et glacie repletum.
Vel nos confirmavit illas mensurae collected industria cum indirecte modi.Hi indirecte modi sunt secundum electrica displacement (d) - Electric agro (E) ager ansas collected ad diversas temperaturis, et per calculandum in area inter duo colligi potest, ut in figura, ut ostensum est in figura .In Figura 2. .1B.Hi de ansas quoque collected usura Keitley fons metris.
Viginti et octo I mm crassitudine PST mlcs sunt convenerunt in IV-row, VII-columnae parallel laminam structuram secundum consilium describit in referat.Denique 0,25 mm densissima k-genus thermocouples sunt in se finem PST-MLC structuram ad monitor in liutem et exitus liquida temperaturis.Ad id faciendum caligarum primum perforatum est.
Octo separatum prototyporum constructa quatuor quae habebat XL 0.5 mm mlc PSTS distribuit parallela laminas cum V columnas et VIII ordines et reliqua quatuor habebat XV I mm mlc PSS quattuor habuit XV I mm mlc PDS singulis.in 3-columna 5-ordo bracteae parallelae structurae.Totalis numerus PST MLCS usus erat CCXX (CLX 0.5 mm crassitudine et LX PST MLC I mm).Vocamus haec duo subunits Harv2_160 et Harv2_60.Liquid gap in Prototype Harv2_160 est duplex duplex postesque tapes 0,25 mm densissima cum filum 0,25 mm crassum inter eos.Nam Harv2_60 prototypum, repetitur idem ratio, sed per 0,38 mm densissima filum.Nam symmetriarum, Harv2_160 et Harv2_60 Have suum fluidi circuits, soleatus, valvulae et frigus parte (supplementum nota VIII).Duo Harv2 Unitates Share a calor alveus, in III sextarius continens (XXX cm XX cm x V cm) in duas calidum laminis cum rotating magnes.Omnes octo singula prototypes sunt electrically connectit in parallel.Et Harv2_160 et Harv2_60 Subunits Opus eodem tempore in Olson exolvuntur inde in an industria messis 11,2 J.
Place 0.5mm crassitudine PST MLC in Polyolefin caligarum cum duplex postesque tape et filum in utrinque ad creare spatium liquido ad influunt.Ex parva magnitudine, prototypum positus deinde ad calidum aut frigus alveus valvae, minimizing exolvuntur temporibus.
In PST MLC, A constans electrica agro applicari applicando constans voltage ad calefactio genere.Ut ex causa, negans scelerisque current est generatae et industria est condita.Post calefacere PST MLC, in agro removetur (v = 0) et industria repono in ea reversus est ad fontem contra, quod correspondet unum magis conlationem de collectis industria.Denique cum voltage v = 0 applicari, in mlc PSS sunt refrigerari ad eorum initial temperatus ut cycle potest satus iterum.In hoc gradu, navitas non colligitur.Nos cucurrit in Olsen exolvuntur usura a Keitley MMCDX Sourmeter, præcipiens PST MLC ex intentione fons et profecta current par ad convenientem valorem ut satis puncta sunt collecta in accommodare valorem, ut satis puncta sunt, in accommodat.
В иклах Стирлинга PST заряжались в режиме источника напряжения пачальном злпря поля (начальное напря элекя (начальное напря поля ение VI> 0) елаемом податливом токе, чак чта зтарядки закочночное околоство точек доли н ниест Аденого расчета энергия) и холодная температура. In the Stirling PST MLC cycles, they were charged in the voltage source mode at the initial value of the electric field (initial voltage Vi > 0), the desired yield current, so that the charging stage takes about 1 s (and a sufficient number Punctae colliguntur ad certa industria calculation) frigus temperatus.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量) 和 低温. цикле тирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным начением лектрического напряжени ), требуемый ток податливости таков, что этап зарядки анимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное колиное колеточное колеточное кололо 1 с(и набирается достаточное колена считать энергию) и низкие температуры . In Strired exolvuntur, in PST MLC est præcepit in voltage fons modus cum initial valorem de electrica agro (initial intentione VI> 0), quod requiritur de I s (et sufficienti Punctae colliguntur ad certum rationem industria) et humilis temperaturis.Quam ob rem crimen in MJK PST manet, et intentione augetur ut specimen calefacit.Non navitas colligitur in brachium BC quia I = 0 ma.Eadem vena correspondentia ad metri fontem revertitur.Ob quaestum voltage, industria condita in caliditas caliditas est altior quam quod initio cycli cautum est.Ac per hoc, vis fit per conversionem caloris in electricitatem.
Nos usus est Keitley MMCDX Sourmeter ad Monitor ad voltage et vena applicantur ad PST MLC.The corresponding energy is calculated by integrating the product of voltage and current read by Keithley's source meter, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\ sinistram (T \ rectam) {V} _ {{\ rm {meas}}} (T) \), ubi τ est periodum tempus.Cyclum relativum datum collectionum determinatur dividendo navitas τ totius cycle.

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Gratias agimus N. N., Y. Inoue et K. Honda pro auxilio in creando MLC.PL, ad, YN, aa, JL, Sursum, VK, OB et ed gratias ad Luxemburgum National Research Foundation (FNR) pro Supporting hoc opus per Camelheat C17 / Masena) XV / 10935404 / defay- Siebentritt, Thermodimat C20 / MS / 14718071 / Defay et Bridges2021 / MS / 16282302 / Cecoha / Impay.
Department of Materials Research et Technology, Luxemburgum Institute of Technology (List), Belvoir, Luxemburgum